Iriflophenon 3,5-C-β-D-diglucosid

Blood glucose lowering effect

In an in vivo trial, it was demonstrated that the components iriflophenon 3,5-C-β-D-diglucoside had activity comparable to that of acarbose. Therefore, the above active ingredients have all proven effective postprandial blood glucose lowering effects [1].

Iriflophenon 3-C-β-D-glucosid

Hypoglycemic effect:

In an in vivo trial, it was demonstrated that iriflopheonon 3-C-β-D-glucoside was 2 times more potent at inhibiting α-glucosidase than acarbose. Therefore, it has effective postprandial blood glucose lowering effect [1].

Antioxidant activity:

Iriflophenon-3-C-β-D-glucoside also exhibited antioxidant activity in assays [3].

Cholesterol-lowering effects:

Iriflophenon-3-C-β-D-glucoside may contribute to cholesterol lowering[4]

Anti-inflammatory effects:

Iriflophenon-3-C-β-D-glucoside exerts anti-inflammatory effects through a model of blocking NO production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells, the results indicate that this compound can significantly reduce the NO production (P < 0.05) at low concentrations (6.25 μg/mL) in cells stimulated by LPS/IFN-γ, compared with ibuprofen positive control (27.78 ± 2.55 μg/mL) . [5]
iriflophenon-3-C-glucoside was shown to inhibit the effects of apoptotic cells on fibroblasts taken from the synovial fluid of patients with arthritis [6].

Iriflophenon 2-O-α-L-rhamnosid

Blood glucose lowering effect:

In an in vivo trial, it was demonstrated that iriflophenon 2-O-α-rhamnoside inhibits α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 165.1 ± 11.3 µg/mL. [7]

Estrogenic activity:

Iriflophenon 2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside is able to bind to the Era receptor as 17β-estradiol [4].

Mangiferin

Antioxidant activity:

Mangiferin also exhibited antioxidant activity in in vitro and in vivo assays.

Preventive and anti-cancer effects:

Has been shown to affect several biological processes such as inhibition of NF-κB and other transcription factors, involved in redox, angiogenesis and apostosis. The antitumor activity is achieved by cell cycle arrest and apostosis, while its protective effect may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These targets enable the tumor preventive activities of Mangiferin by inhibiting cancer initiation, promotion, and metastasis. [9]

Hypoglycemic effect:

In vitro assays showed that mangiferin also exhibited a greater ability to stimulate basal glucose uptake in the inoculated L6-myotube muscle cell line compared with existing antidiabetic agents, at increased concentrations of 1 μM mangiferin. enhanced glucose absorption to 59.2%.

Laxative effect:

Through acting on the acetylcholine receptor, the compound has a laxative effect in an in vivo model [12].

Antiviral and antibacterial:

Mangiferin dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) inhibited the growth of seven bacterial strains: Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus citreus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella agona, Klebsiella pneumoniae and five fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Theriacus Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Effects on central nervous system function:

Mangiferin has also improved cognitive functions such as object recognition memory and learning ability. Inhibition of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) in a dose-dependent manner and reduction of TNF-β levels in the hypothalamus of scopolamine-stimulated rats suggests several plausible mechanisms of improved cognitive performance.

Antipyretic effect:

Mangiferin exerts antipyretic effects by inhibiting TNF-α synthesis and antioxidant activity by improving the activity of anti-inflammatory cytokines [13].

Effect of lowering blood lipids:

Mangiferin is a polyphenol compound that is useful in the treatment of hyperlipidemia [14].

Genkwanin

Antimicrobial:

Genkwanin strongly inhibited the growth of standard bacteria Micrococcus luteus, Shigella sonei, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis by agar diffusion method with MIC values from 25-50 (μg/ml).

Antioxidant effect:

– Resistance to plasmodium parasites: Genkwanin showed inhibitory activity against the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro with a result of 5.5 μg/ml.[17]
– Anti-inflammatory: Genkwanin inhibits pro-inflammatory via miR-101/MKP-1/MAPK pathway in LPS-activated phagocytosis, the results show that genkwanin (12.5 µM – 50 µM) strongly reduces mediators LPS-induced inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at transcriptional and translational levels in RAW264.7 macrophages without cytotoxicity [18].
– Dehydrogenase inhibitor: genkwanin also inhibits 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 converting estrone to estradiol [19].

Hypoglycemic effect:

Genkwanin exhibits a significant α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 24.0 ± 3.6 µM, which is 4 times greater than that of acarbose [16]